• the largest country in the world
• mostly cold climate; Siberia is very cold
• most people live in western Russia; Moscow is the capital

Resources: oil, gas, forests. Problems: extreme cold, long distances, pollution.

Volcanoes happen because tectonic plates move apart, letting magma rise to the surface.

• Deposition – material dropped
• Transportation – movement of sand/rocks

Types of erosion

• Hydraulic action – force of waves
• Abrasion – rocks scraping the cliff
• Attrition – rocks knocking together and breaking

Erosion turns a cliff into a cave → arch → stack.

Management: sea walls, groynes, rock armour.

• in Asia; very large population
• climate: hot summers, monsoon rains

Economy: farming, factories, technology. Challenges: pollution, poverty, monsoon flooding.